Beginning with the rise of Christianity in ancient times, Jews living in the West began to confront new challenges. What were the roots of those challenges? How did Jews respond to the problems they faced? Please provide an overview from ancient times to the 20th century.

Operation Barbarossa

Describe the types of experiments carried out by Joseph Mengele.

Zyklon-B

non-Aryan

Describe the historiographical debate around intentionalism versus functionalism as an explanation for the perpetration of Holocaust. To which side of this issue do you subscribe?

What determined where concentration camps were located and why?

Ghettoization

Nazification (Gleichschaltung)

How did the German invasion of the Soviet Union affect Germany’s Jewish policy and the fate of Europe’s Jews? Be sure to give specific examples in your answer.