​By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:

​The filing of a writ of habeas corpus is the legal action most commonly used by inmates to challenge prison and jail conditions. 

​During the Enlightenment, advances in scientific thinking led to an inquisitive attitude that emphasized all of the following ideas except for:

Sentencing guidelines are designed to do all of the following except:​

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are:

​The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:

​ ___________________ are public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work, granting access to government programs and providing services with them.

​Which of the following was NOT a medieval form of capital punishment? 

​In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various      rights.

Discrimination occurs when criminal justice officials either directly or indirectly treat people differently because of their race, ethnicity, gender, or class. ​