​The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was:

​Beginning in the 1930s, reformers put forward the _____________ model of corrections, which viewed criminal behavior as caused by psychological or biological deficiencies.

​For most of the 20th century, the numbers of incarcerated prisoners in the United States:

​Although the idea of ______________ had been developed in Australia and Ireland in the 1850s and instituted at the Elmira Reformatory in 1876, not until the mid-1920s did this practice become readily accepted and implemented throughout the United States.

Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment usually prescribe a(n):​

​Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed.

​The first case recognized by the Supreme Court which recognized prisoners’ rights involved a case of:

​Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime.

​The ideas of inmate classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira Reformatory for boys.

​Intermediate sanctions include which of the following?