Which of the following is not required for TH or Tc cell activation?

All of the following are non-specific immunity EXCEPT ________.

DNA restriction enzymes randomly digest a DNA molecule.

All of the following are true of the secondary immune response (IR) except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the characteristic of the secondary IR. 

Which of the followings is used as a vehicle to deliver a healthy copy of the gene of interest into the body cells?

All the following apply to T cells except

Which of the following cells is mainly involved in fighting parasitic infections?

In the first step of the phagocytosis, pathogens’ ——— are recognized by the macrophages’ ——.

Which of the following statements is true about the commonality between the innate cellular immunity and adaptive immunity?

Type I hypersensitivity is caused by ________ that triggers the release of _________.