Summarize the role of the enteric nervous system in regulation of the digestive tract. Be sure to include any anatomical structures, cells, and neurotransmitters of the ENS.

Explain TWO different cellular mechanisms that thyroid hormones use to increase metabolism in target cells. Be sure to describe how the mechanism acts to change metabolism of the cell.

Patient Jasmin and Patient Darnell are being evaluated at the clinic. They have their fasting blood glucose measured. Jasmin’s fasting glucose is 87 mg/dL and Darnell’s is 93 mg/dL. Next, they are both given a 75 gram glucose beverage. Blood glucose is then measured at 2 hours after consuming the beverage. As expected, each patients’ blood glucose levels increase after ingestion of the glucose beverage. Both Jasmin and Darnell 2 hour glucose results are within the normal glucose values (normoglycemia). However, Jasmin’s average plasma insulin value during the glucose beverage testing is 62 mlU/L and Darnell’s average plasma insulin value during the testing is 178 mlU/L. Based on these results, which of the following is a the most likely interpretation:

Which phase of swallowing has the greatest risk of aspiration into the respiratory airway? [a] Which phase of swallowing is regulated by autonomic and enteric nervous system neurons? [b] Which brain region controls the reflexive, involuntary portion of swallowing? [c]

Describe how ions and water are absorbed by cells lining the digestive tract. Be sure to include any membrane proteins involved in the process.

Match each description with the correct organ/structure:

Describe the progressive digestion of the three major nutrients: CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, and PROTEINS Be sure to start by naming the large macromolecules in our diet and end your description with the smallest molecules that allow absorption in the intestines. Be sure to include specific examples too. Note: you do NOT need to name the enzymes doing the digestion, this will be asked in a separate question later.

BONUS – Match the cranial nerve with the correct motor function related to swallowing:

Select the TWO primary causes of peptic ulcers (stomach and duodenum):

Match the description with the correct molecules related to lipid and fat absorption and metabolism: