Development length is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can increase from zero to the yield stress.

When the steel ratio is small, flexural cracks extend higher into the beam and open wider.

A rectangular beam with cross section b = 16 in., h = 22 in., and d = 19.5 in. supports a total factored uniform load of 3.80 kips/ft, including its own dead load. The beam is simply supported with a 19-ft span. It is reinforced with four No. 8 Grade 60 bars, two of which are cutoff between midspan and the support and two of which extend 10 in. past the centers of the supports. The concrete strength is 6,900 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups satisfying ACI 318-14 Sections 9.7.6.2.2 and 9.6.3.3. The strength of the four bars is φMn = 262.9 kip-ft, and the strength of the remaining two bars is φMn = 135.1 kip-ft. Determine the distance from the support to the theoretical cutoff point (i.e. disregard ACI 318-14 Section 9.7.3.3).

Use ACI 318-14 Table 25.4.2.2 to determine the development length for the straight tension bars (no hooks) in a rectangular beam with b = 16 in. and d = 23 in., four uncoated No. 8 Grade 60 bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 4 Grade 40 stirrups located every 10 in. along the span. Assume 8,000-psi normal-weight concrete and a clear cover of 1.75 in.

When tension is applied to a smooth reinforcing bar, its diameter is increased. Due to the increase in diameter, the adhesion and friction bonds that originally held it in place are quickly lost.

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An example of a shear reversal would be a _______ load.

A 120-mm-long beam supports a load of P = 31 N at midspan. The cross section is rectangular with width b = 26 mm and height h = 40 mm. Determine the magnitude of the horizontal shear stress at the centroid of the cross section.

Flexure-failure loads are more variable than shear-failure loads.

Flexure-failure loads are more variable than shear-failure loads.