Positive reinforcement is to __________ as negative reinforcement is to __________.

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep after they become sick from the bait he leaves. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of __________ to accomplish this.

Kiara just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her to keep telling jokes, Kiara’s dad might __________.

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions based on his work giving sweetened liquid to rats and then inducing nausea in them?

Taye is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the salesclerk on the other end of the line, he can’t remember all the numbers. Taye is coming up against __________.

In a wealthy __________ family in __________, the body of a deceased relative stays at the family home until it is time for cremation. Before cremation, the body will be washed by family members.

Based on the Loftus, et al. (1978) study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car, when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the __________ effect.

Zara, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class in which she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Zara thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate?

__________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Wyatt is afraid of spiders. He won’t even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Wyatt’s avoidance of spiders is being __________.