The principle, first articulated in the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions, that the colonists needed to be represented in Parliament if they were to be taxed

The principal writer of the Declaration of Independence

refusing to buy British goods and encouraging others to do the same.

What was the predominant religious group in Pennsylvania?

During the winter of 1777–1778, the British occupied Philadephia while Washington’s army camped at this spot in Pennsylvania. Washington’s winter was a low point for the American forces. A lack of supplies weakened the men, and disease took a heavy toll. Amid the cold, hunger, and sickness, soldiers deserted in droves.

 Directions:  Choose the appropriate answer identify the pattern or patterns in each reading.   England made three initial attempts at colonizing America with the 1587 Roanoke colony, 1607 Jamestown colony, and 1620 Plymouth colony. The French and Spanish colonies, how-ever, predated the English by several decades. In the 1500s, France began to actively colonize North America, and in 1513 and 1521, Juan Ponce de Leon led expeditions to Florida, claiming the territory for Spain. In the 1560s, French Protestants tried to establish two colonies on the Atlantic coast. The first one, in present-day South Carolina, was unsuccessful; its starving inhabitants had to be rescued by a passing ship. The second, which was established near present-day Jacksonville, Florida, was destroyed in 1564 by a Spanish army. The next year, in 1565, Spain sent Pedro Menendez de Aviles to build the city of St. Augustine, which today remains the oldest continuously inhabited European city in the United States. Afterward, the French concentrated their efforts further north. By the early 1600s, a large area that included not only Canada but also what is now America’s Great Lakes region and Mississippi River Valley was under French rule and named New France. (Sources of information: Carol Berkin et al., Making America, 3rd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003, pp. 34–40; Mary Beth Norton et al., A People and a Nation, 6th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001, pp. 28–29, 34.)

The larger British effort to isolate New England was implemented in 1777. That effort ultimately failed when the British surrendered a force of over five thousand to the Americans in the fall of 1777 

An eighteenth-century Protestant revival that emphasized individual, experiential faith over church doctrine and the close study of scripture

Colonists in America who remained loyal to Great Britain

  Directions: Choose the appropriate answer to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Dogs are mammals, so are squirrels and people. Because mammals come in a bewildering variety of sizes and shapes, the question is what characteristics define the class known as mammals? The answer to that question has several parts because mammals have a number of defining characteristics. Mammals are vertebrates. That means they have a backbone. Mammals are also warm-blooded, have lungs, and breathe in air. Mammals are the only animals with real hair and the ability to produce milk. A mammal’s heart and lungs are divided from the stomach by a wall of muscle called the diaphragm. Mammals also have different types of teeth that are appropriate for different uses. Then, too, and not to be forgotten, mammal brains are more highly developed than the brains of other animals.