​Probation officers have broad discretion to investigate potential rules violations and even new crimes.

​African Americans are now _________________ times more likely to than whites to be incarecated at some time in their life in a state or federal prison.

Citizen advisory boards help identify and prioritize local crime problems.​

Traditional justice attempts to develop standardized approaches to crime problems that are applied uniformly across the entire legal jurisdiction.​

Community justice does not replace the need for criminal justice, but it fills in where the justice system fails to meet community needs.​

Overcrowded prisons may violate:​

​Crime mapping identifies where the problem of crime is most concentrated.

​Recent evidence has determined that the death penalty does have a deterrent effect on the general public.

Eighty percent of California’s recommitments stemmed from:​

​             conditions provide constraints on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem and need such as substance abuse.