It is impossible to prove a scientific theory through sucessful predictions.  That is, it is not possible to establish a scientific theory with a valid deductive argument the way you can prove a mathematical theorem.   Which of the following represent the logic of confirming a scientific hypothesis (H) with predicted consequences (C)? 

What is the conclusion of the following argument? For most of the school year the number of disciplinary actions taken weekly because of student misconduct at North High School has remained about the same—roughly ten a week. But for the last month the number of actions per week has gone down considerably—to about six per week. There can be only one reason: Last month the Ten Commandments were posted in the hallway outside the principal’s office. This posting was the only significant recent change in the school.

Why are double-blind studies so useful in the testing of therapudic treatments? 

Which criteria of adequacy favors a theory that psychics are doing “cold reading” over the theory that they are communicating with disembodied spirits?

What is the conclusion of the following argument? An experimental vaccine prevented women from becoming persistently infected with a [type of human papilloma virus called HPV-16] that is associated with half of all cervical cancers, researchers reported. … The study involved 2,392 women from 16 to 23 years in age. Participants were randomly assigned to receive three shots of either an HPV-16 vaccine or a placebo (a dummy substance). The study was double-blinded.  Participants were followed for an average of 17 months after getting the third shot. … [Forty-one] women developed HPV-16 infection—all of these women were in the placebo group. … By comparison, no one who got all three vaccine shots developed an HPV-16 infection.” [National Cancer Institute]

Which of the following are logically possible?

A strong causal argument with true premises is…

Which of the following is not a theory/explanation being proposed in the following?I get a lot of wrong-number calls at night for Shakey’s Pizza.  It might be that my number is similar to Shakey’s. Or maybe, some one person who really likes pizza has our numbers mixed up.  I guess it also could be that someone is trying to harass me by waking me up during the night. 

Why is the following misleading?92 Pt. Saint-Émilion Grand Cru 2016 Château l’ApollineWine critics continue to praise Bordeaux’s 2016 growing season, and Chateau l’Apolline exemplifies the vintage with a bottling of exceptional quality. This Merlot-dominant wine showcases fragrant notes of plum, blueberry, and earth balanced harmoniously with the addition of Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon. For just $17.99, it’s easy to stock up on a delicious Old World red to enjoy anytime!$65.00Comparable Price$17.99 Our Price

Conspiracy theories are especially weak when it comes to what criteria of adequacy?