Page 3: 11. In adult, what is most likely to be found in the medullary cavity of a long bone? [11] 12. stimulation of osteoclasts would [12] 13. In response to high blood calcium, the body releases [13] 14. In which area of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes enlarging and producing alkaline phosphate [14] 15. Which structure would you find in compact bone, but not spongy bone? [15]

Page 4: 16. The hollow spaces between lamellae in which osteocytes are found are called [16] 17. Which of the following is a fibrous joint? [17] 18. A diarthrosis is a [18] 19 The inner layer of an articular capsule is the [19] 20. What substance is typically found inside of the articular capsule? [20]

Page 3: 11. Which type of ganglia belong to the sympathetic nervous system? [11] 12. The parasympathetic fibers that form pathways innervating the eye leave the CNS via which nerve or nerves? [12] 13. An adrenergic receptor is one that is activated by [13] 14. What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons [14] 15. preganglionic neurons and somatic motor neurons are [15]

Page 18: 86: Hearing is associated with which structure [86] 87: Equilibrium is a function of the [87] 88. Visual information is transduced in the [88] 89. The photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision are known as [89] 90. The outer layer of the eye is the [90]

Page 6: 26. Condyloid joints are synovial joints capable of [26] 27. A bundle of dense connective tissue that joints bone to bone and is found outside the articular capsule is [27] 28. A fluid filled sac, similar to a synovial capsule, associated with a joint that reduces friction is a(n) [28] 29. Hyperextending the neck results in your [29] 30. The connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fiber is [30]

Free Response 1: Describe the signaling cascade that occurs in a rod cell in both darkness and light. Start your description at the point the photon hits or does not hit a retinal molecule and finish with the excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell

Page 7: 31. The area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is referred to as the [31] 32. black and white vision is detected by [32] 33. The first step in visual transduction [33] 34. CN II is made up of axons of [34] 35. What visual information is processed in the right occipital lobe? [35]

Free Response 3: Describe all possible paths sympathetic preganglionic neurons can take to reach their post-synaptic cell, and all possible paths post ganglionic neurons can take to their effector cells. 

Free Reponses 4: PICK ONE of the following free response questions to answer for a maximum of 5 points: Option a – Detail the function of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Assume the function of said GPCR is to open an ion channel (indirectly covered in Chapter 17) Option b – Describe how a photon causes excitation of a bipolar cell

Free Response 2: PICK ONE of the following free response questions to answer for a maximum of 5 points: Option a – Describe the CONTRACTION CYCLE. Only portions of your answer relating to the contraction cycle will count for bonus points. Hopefully at this point you know what the contraction cycle refers to (Chapter 10). Option b – Describe growth in length of bone at the epiphyseal plate in terms of the separate histological zones and what they do (Chapter 6) Option c – Detail the steps of endochondral ossification (Chapter 6)