​The law enforcer role of probation focuses on surveillance and control of the offender.

​Judicial reprieve in the United States:

​Replacing decrepit facilities is cost effective.

​The organization of probation involves three key issues, except for whether it should be:

African Americans make up 40 percent of the prison population but             of all U.S. residents.​

​Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model.

Community justice and criminal justice as defined refer to the same process.​

Sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans.​

​Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1800s.

The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature is not sustained by the evidence.​