Based on resonance theory, what is the expected carbon-oxygen bond length(s) for the carbonate anion? (C—O bond = 1.43 Å, C=O bond = 1.22 Å)

What is the formal charge on each atom? F=Z–(1/2)S–U, where F=formal charge, Z=atomic number, S=number of shared electrons, U=number of unshared electrons.

The Lewis dot structure for molecular oxygen (O2) is shown below. Note, O2 exists as drawn with unpaired electrons on each oxygen atom. Using your understanding of formal charge, what is the charge on the oxygen atoms? F=Z–(1/2)S–U, where F=formal charge, Z=atomic number, S=number of shared electrons, U=number of unshared electrons.

Lithium is composed of two isotopes: lithium-6 and lithium-7. Which is the more abundant of the two isotopes?

Which resonance structure contributes the most to the overall properties of the molecule?

Identify the functional groups labeled with an arrow.

The carbon highlighted in green is _____valent.

The discovery of the structure of double-stranded DNA led to the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins. However, DNA can also form a quadruplex structure with guanidines, which is believed to assist in regulating gene transcription. In the quaduplex shown below, what interaction stabilizes the quadruplex structure?

Most of the human mitochondrial genome consists of genes except for a noncoding region called the ________________.

If a gene has several duplicates in a genome, each producing the same polypeptide, they must each have: