Consider the “information center” hypothesis for ospreys.  Imagine for simplicity that each information center only contains two ospreys:  Leader (L) and Slacker (aka: follower-(S).  In the morning, each leader flies off in search of schooling fish such as alewife; whereas slackers always follow leaders.  Leaders pay a “search” cost (C) that slackers don’t, but always find food worth (V).  Slackers get five less units than (V) when they have a leader to follow (there are many more schooling fish than the leader can eat itself, but the time delay affects the food choice for slackers). (1) Complete the  payoff matrix.  What are the equations/variables for (A), (B), (C) and (D)? (2 pts)   L S L (A) (B) S (C) (D) (2)  Suppose that searching is “cheap”: V = 60 and C = 10.  Is the pure strategy (L) an ESS?  Explain and show your work for full credit. (4 pts) (you may use scratch paper and a calculator) (Hint:  A “pure” strategy means that 100% of the players engage in that behavior and 0% of the players engage in the other behavior) (3) What is the ESS? Explain and show your work.  (Make sure to interpret answer!) (4 pts)  

Freeman and Hare (2015) studied peacock displays.  They found that when male peacocks fan their tail in a mating display, the rustling feathers generate a low-frequency noise called “infrasound” which is pitched so low, humans can’t hear it, but peafowl can. Why, given the male’s peacock’s flashy tail and loud high-frequency hoots, would they also need to communicate with infrasound? (In your answer, make sure to discuss visual and sound communication, mating and predation in addition to where peacocks live—jungles).

Rhinolopolus species of bats from mainland and island populations of Italy have different echolocation patterns.  Russo et al. (2007) found that this is likely due to:

In the study of sex-biased dispersal in the Great White Shark by Pardini et al. (2001), the authors found that DNA profiles help to discern who was dispersing.  In particular, they found:

What type of ESS strategy is occurring in the Lycaenid butterflies for ownership of sunspot territories (Takeuchi and Honda, 2009)?

Put in order the correct scenario for the types of signaling (I to IV).   Recipient Benefits Recipient Loses Signaler benefits   (I)?   (II)? Signaler loses   (III)?   (IV)?  

Gray whales echolocate at frequencies up to 200kHZ in the water.  The distance between their ears is about 9m.  A sound made at 20Hz produces a wavelength of what in water?  Would gray whales be able to localize this sound using intensity cues, phase differences or neither?  (Remember that speed of sound in water is 1350m/s).

If the speed of sound is 330 m/s and an echo is heard of 0.75s, how far away is the echo source? (Make sure to write out how you calculated it)

(A) Nycteris is a carnivorous bat that ‘gleans’ prey such as frogs and lizards from the ground.  (B) Plecotus, the long-eared bat specializes on non-flying prey from leaves on trees.   (C) The Mexican free-tailed bat, Tararida forages insects high above the canopy. (D) Some species of Eptesicus, the big brown bat, forage for insects in small open clearings. For the four bat genera described above, describe a “typical” echolocation pattern for each bat in terms of where they forage and explain why they use the particular echolocation pattern for their foraging bouts.

What is social work?