Which of the following are classified as amide local anesthetics? bupivacaine mepivacaine lidocaine benzocaine novocain

Levothyroxine sodium (Synthyroid) is often given to patient’s experiencing:

Your patient’s prescription reads: Pen VK 500mg, 28 tabs, Take i tab p.o. qid until gone.  How many times should the patient take this medication each day?

Drug A has affinity for and binds to a receptor creating an action. Drug B has affinity for and binds to the same receptor.  Drug B’s receptor interaction prevents Drug A from binding to its receptor unless Drug A’s dose is increased.  Drug B is a(n):

Like all medical/diagnostic tests, COVID-19 tests are characterized by their sensitivity and their specificity. Sensitivity is:  a.  the ability to detect a true negative. b.  the ability to detect a true positive. c.  the ability to generate a true negative. d.  the ability to generate a true positive. [sensitivity] Specificity is: a.  the ability to detect a true negative. b.  the ability to detect a true positive. c.  the ability to generate a true negative. d.  the ability to generate a true positive. [specificity]  

You have become a practicing clinician (congratulations!). Your patient presents with an infected wound that is oozing fluid.  You test some of the fluid. Use the results shown here, and the dichotomous key (below) to guide your treatment for the patient. Note the pink bacteria.                    Note the yellow color. Note the pink color.  Note that the citrate tube is green. What is the shape and arrangement of the cells shown in the image, above?  Be sure to use the technical terms for shape and arrangement for your answer.  [arrangement] Based on the Gram stain results, metabolic test results, and cell morphology and arrangement, which bacterial species is most likely causing the patient’s infection? [species] Which of the following antibiotics could be used to treat the patient’s infection? a. ampicillinb. erythromycinc. penicillin [antibiotic]

Why can hydrogen peroxide be used as a home remedy for “strep throat”? That is, what weakness of the “strep” bacteria does hydrogen peroxide exploit? a.  Streptococcus species lack catalase. b.  Streptococcus species lack superoxide dismutase. c.  Streptococcus species lack peroxidase. d.  Streptococcus species lack oxidase. [peroxide] What is the name (Genus) of a Gram-positive bacterial species that is catalase-positive? a.  Streptococcus b.  Staphylococcus c.  Salmonella d.  Pseudomonas [Genus]

A pharmaceutical sales rep visits your community clinic where COVID-19 screening is available.  The rep presents two COVID-19 tests.  Test A has a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 95%.  Test B has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 75%.  Which test would you choose for your clinic (1 point) and why?  Note:  to receive credit for your answer, you must include correct figures (false negative percent and false positive percent) for each test (4 points).  (5 points, total)

Briefly explain why the streak plate method is better for generating pure cultures than using broth to dilute microbes.  (2 points)

Your patient has impetigo, a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus.  You test bacteria grown from fluid from the lesions for antibiotic sensitivity. Impetigo lesions What is an antibiotic, tested here, that could be used to treat the patient’s infection, effectively? a. ampicillinb. Bactrimc. streptomycin [antibiotic] What is the name of the enzyme that bacteria use to degrade penicillin and other antibiotics of its class? a. β-lactamaseb. hexose kinasec. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenased. RuBisCo [enzyme] Among the antibiotics tested listed, above, which one works by inhibiting a metabolic/biochemical pathway? a. aminoglycosideb. beta-lactamc. macrolided. sulfonamide (eg., Bactrim) [metabolic] What is the most common mechanism of resistance to sulfonamide antibiotics such as Bactrim? [Bactrim] a.  beta-lactamase b.  bypass c.  efflux pumps d.  carbapenimase