Urine is first formed at the renal papilla, the ends of the collecting ducts.

Hyponatremia can result from:

JB is a 37 year old female with a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis (uncontrolled) and skin cancer (untreated). She is currently unhoused without her own form of transportation which makes it very difficult and costly to get to lab or office visits. She also does not have any health insurance. She does not have any medication allergies and is not taking any medications. Which of the following would be the BEST medication to manage her rheumatoid arthritis?

BG is a 72 year old male hospitalized for a heart failure exacerbation (NYHA Class III). His medical history includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)(controlled) and gout (controlled). He has an allergy to sulfa. He has no current infections. Labs are within normal limits. Immunizations are up-to-date. He is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis while inpatient, and it is decided to start him on medication prior to discharge. Which of the following would be the MOST APPROPRIATE medication for him?

Which of the following would be the MOST APPROPRIATE education to share regarding management of her hypoglycemia?

Considering “needs additional drug therapy” as a drug-related problem, which of the following would be MOST APPROPRIATE for this person with diabetes?

If this woman comes down with a “common cold” and has symptoms of fatigue, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and sore throat yet her blood glucoses remain in their usual pattern for her, which of the following would be the MOST APPROPRIATE diabetes self-care instruction for her?

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding CGM goals for most adults per the American Diabetes Association’s 2024 Standards of Care?

A 12-year-old youth and their parent are in a pediatric emergency department (ED) treatment room because the youth told their parent today about excessive thirst and frequent urination over the past month.  The youth’s ED lab results include serum glucose 362 mg/dL, urine ketones negative, A1C 14.2%; they were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.  They weigh 92 pounds (41.8 kg). The plan is for the youth and parent to receive a first session of diabetes education including CGM start and diabetes “survival skills”, self-administer the first dose of basal insulin in the emergency department, and then discharge home today. Which of the following would be a REASONABLE STARTING insulin regimen for this 12-year-old who usually eats 3 meals a day?

Which of the following is/are medication therapy changes that would be reasonable to consider for this woman today? (SELECT ALL THAT APPPLY)