Question 6: Prediction – 9 points For this question, use the testData. Using testData and with the previously built models in Q2,3,5, predict the Target and output the average of these probabilities for each of the models below and summarize the results: i) Full linear regression model from question 2b (model1) ii) Reduced model from question 2b (model2) iii) Stepwise forward model from question 3a (forward_model) iv) Stepwise backward model from question 3c (backward_model) v) Stepwise forward-backward model from question 3f (both_model) vi) Ridge regression model from question 5a (ridge.model) vii) Regular Lasso model from question 5c (lasso.model) viii) Group Lasso model from question 5f (group_lasso) ix) Elastic Net model from question 5i (enet.model)

Question 2: Statistical Significance – 6 points For this question, use the trainData. In model1, which regression coefficients are significant at the 95% confidence level? Are these the exact same regression coefficients that are significant at the 90% confidence level? (2 points) Build a new model using only the variables whose coefficients were found to be statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Call it model2. Display the model summary. (2 points) Perform a Partial F-test to compare this new model with the full model (model1) and interpret it at the 95% confidence level. Which one would you prefer? Is it good practice to select variables based on the statistical significance of individual coefficients? Why or why not? (2 points)

_____________ refers to the reliable effects of schedules when in place for a relatively long period of time. 

Manipulating ______________________ was one way to meet the characteristic of “focus on reinforcement first” designed to influence the effectiveness of a punisher.  

______________ has been used to account for reduced effectiveness of punishers when introduced gradually.  

Gradually changing punisher _________________ has been shown to weaken the effects of punishment relative to abrupt introduction. 

BONUS (up to 3 points): Explain the differences between osteoporosis and osteomalacia.

A bond that has a “AAA” rating would have a __[x]____ coupon rate since its risk of default is __[y]____. (*2*) Hint: Remember the basic principle about risk and return.

BONUS #2: The coupon rate is best described as ________________. (1) 

What type of information is collected for an independent analysis?