Use this information to answer the next two questions: This diagram shows one model’s predictions of global temperatures and possible future temperatures. Image Description Graph of global temperatures and possible future temperatures, with greenhouse effect from human activities added. The graph starts 20,000 years ago at the bottom, where the coldest temperatures during ice age peaks. The line starts to curve up, following a natural temperature trend. It curves until it passes a dotted line labeled glaciation threshold, approximately 10,000 years ago. This line is noted as the warmest temperatures of interglacial intervals. The line continues to increases a short distance before rounding off and gradually decreasing. The line splits into two parts shortly after peaking at approximately 8,000 years ago. One part slopes down diagonally and is labeled natural temperature trend. The other part continues horizontally and is labeled Actual Trend. The difference between the two split lines is filled with color, noting greenhouse effects from early agriculture. The actual trend line continues to hardly decrease before entering the rapid industrialization period approximately one to two hundred years ago. The trend line then starts to increase, entering a section of the graph labeled Temperatures above natural range of ice ages. The trend line increases until it passes the present year mark. It then transitions into future activities with a dashed prediction line showing the temperature continuing to increase, even after fossil fuels are marked as depleted, until the curve rounds off and decreases to reunite with the natural temperature trend line that is below.

In the image below, light from a star in our own galaxy is shown in the top image, and light from a distant galaxy is shown in the bottom. The absorption lines from the galaxy are all shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. What does this mean?   

When we look at the magnetic field in ancient igneous rocks on the Earth, we find that rocks of the same age have magnetic fields that point in different directions, like the top map below. Someday in the future, scientists would like to make similar measurements on Mars. If we were to measure the magnetic fields trapped in ancient igneous rocks on Mars, scientists expect to find that the magnetic field in rocks of the same age will all point the same direction, like the bottom map. Attributions Images Strebe. Gall–Peters projection SW.jpg [photograph]. (CC BY-SA 3.0). Via Wikimedia Commons. [Image has been altered from the original. Arrows have been added, Anyone is free to use the edited version under the same license as the original]

Use this information to answer the next two questions: This graph indicates the melting range for mantle rock at different pressures (left) and the melting range for mantle rock in the presence of H2O (right). Image Description Image of two graphs. The graph on the left shows pressure (y-axis) versus temperature (x-axis). At the bottom right where temperature and pressure are low, the rock is all solid. The top right of the graph shows the rock as all liquid where temperature is high and pressure is low. Starting with low temperature and pressure, as you move toward greater temperature and pressure, a zone of melting runs from the top and bottom along the center of the graph. It starts where pressure is high and temperature is low and curves to the bottom right of the graph as temperature and pressure both increase. The graph on the right shows pressure versus temperature with water. At the bottom right where temperature and pressure are low, the rock is all solid. The top right of the graph shows the rock as all liquid where temperature is high and pressure is low. Starting with low temperature and pressure, as you move toward greater temperature and pressure, a zone of meltling with water cuts across the first half of the graph. It starts where pressure is high and temperature is low and stays in the melting zone as pressure increases and temperature stays low. As temperature gets higher alongside pressure, the meling zone with water curves to the bottom of the graph ending where you have medium temperature and high pressure.

Below are several graphs showing the percent of light absorbed at different wavelengths for several hypothetical gases (B, C, D, E).Which of the gases would be a greenhouse gas?    Image Description Four graphs showing absorption vs wavelength. B shows absoption decreasing from 100% to 0 as wavelength increases from visible to IR. C shows absorption near 100% through the visible droping sharply to 0 at IR. D shows 0 absorption in the visible jumping to near 100% in the IR. E shows 0% absorption in both the visible and IR but near 100 % in between.

The Provo River has cut a deep canyon through the Wasatch Mountains  to Utah Lake in Utah Valley. Which of the following could be  responsible?

This family of materials is likely to have what set of properties?

An element from column 1A on the periodic table will combine with an element from column 7A on the periodic table in a one-to-one ratio.   How many more electrons does an element in column 7A need to fill its shell?

When an element from column 1A and and element from column 7A react, what happens to the valence electrons as the product is formed?

We do have rovers on Mars looking at surface rocks. Scientists were very excited when the rovers discovered layers of sedimentary rock that included both clastic and chemically precipitated material. Why was this exciting?