A 49‑year‑old with leukocytosis is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). Which lesion underlies the disease? 

A 58‑year‑old has a melanoma that has reactivated telomerase. What is the impact of this reactivation? 

A residual tumor persists after chemotherapy by recycling damaged organelles to survive nutrient stress. This process is called: 

A patient had her breast cancer tumor resected. Testing showed no signs of metastasis and suggested all cancer cells had been successfully removed. However 18 months later, the NP orders a chest x‑ray, which suggests the patient has returned with metastatic disease in her lungs. Which of the following is most responsible for this late recurrence? 

A 72‑year‑old with prostate cancer is observed to have sclerotic bone metastases without liver lesions on CT scan. What explains this finding?

Match the physiological action to the appropriate growth factor or mitogen.

A 33‑year‑old with a family history of early sarcomas and breast cancer has Li Fraumeni syndrome. Which phenotype is expected?

Which statement best explains the “two-hit hypothesis” in developing cancer?

Which germ layer do most pediatric cancers originate from? 

Which characteristics apply to logical DFDs?