We have studied a number of biochemical reactions associated with metabolism in the last half of the class. For the following cofactors (4 THINGS): Identify the cofactor. State the type of chemical reaction each cofactor helps catalyze. Give a generalized enzyme name describing the type of reaction OR the specific name of an enzyme that requires the cofactor. Identify by name, common abbreviation, or structure a substrate or a product of a reaction requiring the cofactor. You need four responses for each cofactor. Example Answer: “Mg2+: Magnesium (the name), phosphate transfer reactions (the reaction type), kinase or hexokinase (the general enzyme name or enzyme name), glucose or Glc or PEP or Fru-1,6-BP (the name of substrate or product). A)                             B)                                                  C)              D)                                                 E)                    F)          G)                    H)                                                 I)                             J)                                 K)                                L)       

21. [C]22. [J]23. [F]24. [G]25. [I]26. [E]27. [J2]28. [I2]29. [H]30. [G2]31. [H2]

32. [E]33. [A]34. [D]35. [EorF]36. [I]37. [B]38. [B2]39. [J]40. [C]41. [J2]42. [C2]43. [I2]44. [I3]

Metabolism Upload an image of your drawing and explanation. Show how a molecule of palmitic acid (16:0) that has entered a muscle cell is “tagged” or prepared for

For each of the following structures: 1. Identify the cofactor  2. State the type of reaction or name a specific reaction that the cofactor facilitates. A.                               B.                                    C.   

Upload your answers to these questions. a.) Beginning with PLP (Vit. B6), whose structure is given below, draw out the mechanistic steps that result in the transfer of the amino group of Ala to PLP as catalyzed by the enzyme alanine aminotransferase.  (4 pts.) b.) Draw the structure of the molecule that ultimately accepts the amino group of Ala in the above aminotransferase  reaction. (2 pts.) c.)  The 

Upload an image of your answers to this question. Krabbe disease is a rare degenerative disease that affects the myelin sheath. Individuals who have this disease have levels of psychosine that are elevated on the order of 100 times that of normal individuals. Psychosine is sphingosine with a galactose (epimer of Glc at C-4) attached at the terminal 1 position by a

Upload an image of your answer to these questions. In the liver and to a lesser extent in the cortex of the kidney, glucose is synthesized from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis). Most of the enzymes of glycolysis are used to catalyze the glycolytic reactions in reverse. One of these is the aldolase reaction. Write out the mechanism for the aldolase reaction in reverse to synthesize fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from two different phosphotrioses. Include the structures and names of all substrates and products and note all necessary cofactors, if any.  NOTE: Acceptable abbreviations for compound names and cofactors are ok.

Upload an image of your answer to this question.  There are two cofactors, lipoic acid (the crane), FAD, which are alternately reduced and oxidized in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and NAD+, which is reduced as a final product. Draw the structures of the reduced forms of each of these three cofactors (do not include the Cys amino acid residues associated with the protein). You only need to show the relevant structural ring parts that change when each of these are reduced. (6 pts.)     Reduced form of Lipoic acid         Reduced form of FAD                Reduced form of  NAD+

Upload an image of your answers to this question. Draw the following structures: Oleamide, the simple amide (NH2) of oleic acid has been isolated from the spinal fluid of cats and identified as the molecule responsible for causing sleep. In humans, oleoyl ethanolamide is an endogenous regulator of food intake produced in the intestines and has potential as an anti-obesity drug. Draw the structure of oleic acid. (2 pts.) Anandamide functions as an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid (psychoactive compounds in marijuana) receptors in humans and gets its name from the Sanskrit word, “ananda”, meaning bliss. This compound is the ethanolamine (HO-CH2-CH2-NH2) amide of arachidonic acid. Draw the structure of anandamide. (3 pts.) Saplenic acid 16:1(D10) is the most abundant lipid component of human sebum. Draw the structure of this fatty acid. (2 pts.) Phosphtidylserine is a regulator of apoptosis (programmed cell death, causing a cell to commit “suicide”) in response to calcium-dependent stimuli. Draw a phosphatidylserine of your choice with two different unsaturated fatty acids and give the names of the acids you chose to draw. (3 pts.) Ceramide-1-phosphate is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis or programmed cell death, as well as an inducer of cell survival. Draw the ceramide that has a linolenic acid attached and a phosphate attached at the terminal, 1 position. (3 pts.) A very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) is found in a glycerophopholipid associated with the retinal membrane in the eye. This is a phosphtidyl choline compound with DHA (docosahexenoic acid – C-22:6 (D4….) esterified at the 1 position of the glycerol and a C-34:6