Questions 48 – 50 refer to the following excerpt. “One of the tragedies of the struggle against racism is that up to now there has been no national organization which could speak to the growing militancy of young black people in the urban ghetto. There has been only a civil rights movement whose tone of voice was adapted to an audience of liberal whites. It served as a sort of buffer zone between them and angry young blacks. . . . “An organization which claims to speak for the needs of a community—as does the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee—must speak in the tone of that community, not as somebody else’s buffer zone. . . . “The need for psychological equality is the reason why SNCC today believes that blacks must organize in the black community. Only black people can convey the revolutionary idea that black people are able to do things themselves. Only they can help create in the community an aroused and continuing black consciousness that will provide the basis for political strength.” – Stokely Carmichael, “What We Want,” 1966   Question: The ideas expressed in the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following perspectives at the time?

Questions 5 – 7 refer to the following excerpt. “We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.” – The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620   Question: Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the document from which the excerpt was taken?

Questions 5 – 7 refer to the following excerpt. “We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.” – The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620   Question: Participation in the “civil body politic” referenced in the excerpt would have been most available to which of the following?

Questions 28 – 30 refer to the following excerpt. “Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned. . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude.” – George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870   Question: Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt? 

Questions 21 – 23 refer to the following excerpt. “[I am] commanded to explain to the Japanese that. . . . [the United States] population has rapidly spread through the country, until it has reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now large cities, from which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or twenty days; [and] that . . . the Japan seas will soon be covered with our vessels. “Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in peace and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no friendship can long exist, unless Japan ceases to act toward Americans as if they were her enemies. . . . “Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and [the United States has], as an evidence of [its] friendly intentions . . . brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo [Tokyo] in the ensuing spring with a much larger force.” – Commodore Matthew C. Perry to the emperor of Japan, letter, 1853   Question: The excerpt best supports the conclusion that in the 1850s, the United States government

Questions 34 – 37 refer to the following excerpt. “To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government.” – Jane Addams, “Why Women Should Vote,” Ladies’ Home Journal, 1910   Question: Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt?

Questions 24 – 27 refer to the following excerpt. “The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution.” -United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857   Question: Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?

Questions 28 – 30 refer to the following excerpt. “Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned. . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude.” – George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870   Question: Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt?

Questions 45 – 47 refer to the following excerpt. “In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. “We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.” – President Dwight Eisenhower, farewell address, 1961   Question: Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments Eisenhower warned “we must guard against”?

Questions 51 – 53 refer to the following excerpt. “No thoughtful person can question that the American economic system is under broad attack. This varies in scope, intensity, in the techniques employed, and in the level of visibility. “There always have been some who opposed the American system. . . . “But what now concerns us is quite new in the history of America. We are not dealing with sporadic or isolated attacks from a relatively few extremists or even from the minority socialist cadre. Rather, the assault on the enterprise system is broadly based and consistently pursued. . . . “The most disquieting voices joining the chorus of criticism come from perfectly respectable elements of society: from the college campus, the pulpit, the media, the intellectual and literary journals, the arts and sciences, and from politicians.” – Memorandum from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., attorney and future United States Supreme Court Justice, to Eugene B. Sydnor of the United States Chamber of Commerce, 1971   Question: The ideas expressed in the memo were most consistent with which of the following foreign policy beliefs after 1945 ?