The “SAID” principle means that the body responds by Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands; so if we desire hypertrophy vs. m. endurance we have to challenge the body’s systems in differing ways and will develop certain muscle fiber types, by adjusting the exercise volume accordingly.

How does one use a “make test” for m. strength testing and what may be an advantage?

Your pt. with an MCL tear is in need of healing. For this ligamentous type tissue, if kept completely immobile during its healing time, we find that the ultimate repair will be stronger, as there will be adequate forces influencing the alignment of the collagen molecule formation.

For a convex on a concave movement example, the glide or slide would be in the same direction as the large bony movement. (refer to the picture to the right)

Referring to measuring ROM,  passive being the most reliably documented as we have published normal’s for adults, and is usually more than active ROM that is limited by the active insufficiencies.

Your patient needs to work on local muscle endurance for functional purposes. How many reps and rest would you apply?

The proper approach to our basic static stretching routine would be to warm up the area first, then apply a stretch slowly and gradually at the point of resistance over 30-45 seconds, repeating it up to 3-5 times for that muscle group or joint.

Pain, tenderness, mild inflammation/warmth, morning stiffness lasting less than an hour, along with joint crepitus (cracking sound or feel) are common signs and symptoms associated with osteoarthritis, which vary in degree depending upon their acuity level.

An absolute error and a relative error imply the same value.

An absolute error in measurement is a difference between a claimed value and a true value.