Involving the offender, victim, and victimized communities in levying justice is known as:

Fines are more frequently used in cases involving:

Sentences with a fixed term of years to serve are called:

During trials without juries, the judge does which of the following?

A major report required of a probation officer is used at the time of sentencing by the judge is known as the:

The most common form of criminal sanction during the 20th century was:

The sentence requiring a certain number of years of incarceration for particular crimes is a(n):

Short-term incarceration followed by a period of probation is called:

Sentence types and lengths are typically created by a:

The purpose of ___________ programs is to prevent a novice offender from being stigmatized and labeled by the justice system while at the same time sparing the public the cost of unneeded criminal justice processing.