1. Cancer is fundamentally defined as:

65. A 4-year-old child is noted to be cyanotic, has a systolic murmur, and on echocardiography is found to have a VSD, pulmonary stenosis, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Which congenital heart condition does this child have?

12. Brown eye color is dominant over blue eye color. A person has brown eyes. Which of the following statements is most accurate about their genotype?

16. The lecture states that a lead shield is placed around the neck during a chest X-ray. Which structure is being protected, and why?

47. Which of the following is the most common side effect of radiation therapy?

18. LDL cholesterol is often called ‘bad cholesterol’ while HDL is called ‘good cholesterol.’ Which statement correctly describes their opposing roles?

11. True or False: The left ventricle performs more work than the right ventricle because it must generate enough pressure to pump blood through the entire systemic circulation, whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs at much lower pressure.

3. The human genome consists of how many pairs of autosomes and how many sex chromosomes?

30. Leukoplakia is a cancer warning sign described in the lecture. Which of the following correctly identifies it?

10. In genetics, the term ‘locus’ refers to: