You are configuring routing policy for an ISP. You have two available routes to the same destination prefix: one learned from a customer, and one learned from an upstream provider. Both routes work. Which choice best explains why the ISP would typically prefer the customer-learned route?

What is the primary purpose of iBGP?  

In BGP, a router always selects the route with the shortest AS-PATH.    

A TCP sender may slow down either because the receiver can’t keep up or because the network is congested. Which statement correctly distinguishes flow control from congestion control?

HOL blocking occurs when:    

What is the main advantage of using a layered architecture in the Internet?  

When a TCP connection first starts, why does TCP use slow start instead of immediately sending at a high rate?

You’re building a file-sync application that must deliver every byte correctly, in the right order, and should automatically recover from packet loss without the application re-implementing reliability. Which transport protocol is the best choice?

Two routers enforce the same rate limit for a video stream. Router X causes occasional packet loss during bursts, while Router Y causes bursts to arrive but with extra delay/jitter. Which statement best explains the difference?    

The router data plane is primarily responsible for: