The following questions refer to the following information and graph. The data presented in the figure below are measurements of the rate of oxygen consumption at differing body masses in a species of fish. Each point represents measurements from a different fish. Measurements were taken at different temperatures. (○= 10°C,●= 15°C, □= 20°C, ■= 25°C.) The horizontal axis is labeled body mass by kilograms, and the horizontal axis is labeled rate of oxygen consumption by milligrams of oxygen per fish per hour. Five tick marks appear on the horizontal axis and are labeled, from left to right in even increments, zero point zero two, zero point zero five, zero point one, zero point two, zero point four. Six tick marks appear on the vertical axis in even increments, and are labeled, from bottom to top, one, two, four, eight, sixteen and thirty-two. On the graph, there are four sets of data taken at four different temperatures, ten degrees Celsius, fifteen degrees Celsius, twenty degrees Celsius and twenty-five degrees Celsius. Each set of data has a line of best fit. Each line has a positive slope, and the line for each temperature is above the line for the temperature below it. There are 20 data points for ten degrees Celsius, represented by open circles. The line of best fit starts at zero on the vertical axis and zero point zero three on the horizontal axis and increases with a straight line to eight milligrams of oxygen consumed per fish per hour at a body mass of zero point four kilograms. There are 22 data points for fifteen degrees Celsius, represented by shaded circles. The line of best fit starts below one on the vertical axis and zero on the horizontal axis and increases with a straight line to sixteen milligrams of oxygen consumed per fish per hour at a body mass of zero point four kilograms. There are 21 data points for twenty degrees Celsius, represented by open squares. The line of best fit starts between one and two on the vertical axis and zero on the horizontal axis and increases with a straight line to between sixteen and thirty-two milligrams of oxygen consumed per fish per hour at a body mass of zero point four kilograms. There are 20 data points for twenty-five degrees Celsius, represented by shaded squares. The line of best fit starts at two on the vertical axis and zero on the horizontal axis and increases with a straight line thirty-two milligrams of oxygen consumed per fish per hour at a body mass of zero point four kilograms. The best explanation for the fact that not all points lie on any given line is that

In the “RNA world” model for the origin of life, the first protocells (probionts) relied on RNA, not DNA, for information storage and transmission. Which of the following could best be considered evidence in support of the RNA world model?

Nondisjunction during meiosis can negatively affect gamete formation. A model showing a possible nondisjunction event and its impact on gamete formation is shown in Figure 1. The first part of the figure shows a cell that has 5 pairs of chromosomes lined up at the equator of the cell. Each chromosome is composed of 2 chromatids. An arrow points to the next part of the figure that shows the same cell with the chromosomes starting to separate. 4 chromosomes and an additional unseparated pair of chromosomes are shown on the left side of the cell. 4 chromosomes are shown on the right side of the cell. Arrows point from the cell to the next part of the figure that shows 2 cells. One of the 2 cells has 6 chromosomes, each composed of a pair of chromatids, all in a single line along the equator of the cell. The other cell has 4 chromosomes, each composed of a pair of chromatids, all in a single line along the equator of the cell. Arrows point from each cell to 2 more cells in the final part of the figure. The 2 cells derived from the cell with 6 chromosomes each have 6 chromosomes. The 2 cells derived from the cell with 4 chromosomes each have 4 chromosomes. These four cells are labeled Gametes. Figure 1. Model of a nondisjunction event Which of the following best describes the most likely impact on an individual produced from fertilization between one of the daughter cells shown and a normal gamete?

Scientists want to determine whether the rapid economic growth in China between 1950 and 2000 caused a mass extinction of animal species during that time period. A mass extinction event is considered to occur when the rate of species extinction far exceeds the background extinction rate. The scientists collected data on the number of extinctions of selected vertebrate species in China between 1950 and 2000, as shown in Table 1. Extinction rates were ascertained by measuring the average percent of species lost (PSL). Table 1. The average percent of extinctions of 252 protected vertebrate species in 2,365 counties in China from 1950 to 2000. Mammals Birds Amphibians and Reptiles Background Rate Average PSL ±1 standard deviation 47.4±33.59 19.75±17.70 28.80±28.86 27.21±16.20 Which of the following is the null hypothesis most relevant for evaluating the data in Table 1?

The graph below illustrates a logistic growth curve for a population of Euglena. with x-axis labeled time in days from zero to twenty, and y-axis labeled population size in organisms per milliliter. The growth curve starts with a population just above zero at zero days and increases exponentially to three-hundred organisms per milliliter at day ten, then flattening out and remaining at three-hundred. There is a point labeled Q on the curve at day twenty. The population would be most likely to remain at the level shown at Q under which of the following conditions?

A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessive for the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinberg law. If p equals the frequency of the dominant allele and q equals the frequency of the recessive allele, which of the following terms represents the frequency of the individuals who show the dominant phenotype?

A population of 250 birds inhabit the canopy of a tropical rain forest that has a carrying capacity of 400 birds. What is the maximum population growth rate (rmax) if the population grows to 283 in one year?

The TAS2R38 gene encodes a receptor protein that influences the ability to taste bitterness. The gene has two alleles: a dominant, wild-type allele that enables an individual (taster) to taste bitterness and a recessive, mutant allele that interferes with the ability of an individual (nontaster) to taste bitterness. Three single nucleotide mutations in the coding region of the TAS2R38 gene are associated with the nontaster allele. The nucleotides present at the three positions are shown in the table below. The table shows the position in the Nucleotide Sequence for different species. The data are as follows. Human nontaster; 145, G; 785, T; 886, A. Human taster; 145, C; 785, C; 886, G. Bonobo; 145, C; 785, C; 886, G. Chimpanzee; 145, C; 785, C; 886, G. Gorilla; 145, C; 785, C; 886, G. A cladogram representing the evolutionary relatedness of selected primates is shown below. From left to right, the branches are as follows: Orangutan, Gorilla, and Chimpanzee. Past the branches, the main line is labeled Human. Another branch, labeled Bonobo, is connected to the Chimpanzee branch. The TAS2R38 receptor protein has been detected on the surface of cells from individuals who are homozygous for the nontaster allele of the TAS2R38 gene. Which of the following is the most likely effect of the mutations associated with the nontaster allele on TAS2R38 gene expression?

In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized below. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria. Wild type E. coli are plated on plates 1 and 2, and E. coli with plasmid containing the ampicillin resistance gene is plated on plates 3 and 4. Plate 1 has no ampicillin,and is shaded representing extensive growth of bacteria. Plate 2 has ampicillin and is white with no colonies. Plate 3 has no ampicillin and is shaded representing extensive growth of bacteria. Plate 4 has ampicillin and has a dozen dots representing individual colonies of bacteria. In a second experiment, the plasmid contained the gene for human insulin as well as the ampr gene. Which of the following plates would have the highest percentage of bacteria that are expected to produce insulin?

The area covered by tropical rain forest is reduced by millions of hectares per year due to agriculture and logging. Which of the following best describes a likely result of tropical rain forest deforestation?