Extra credit (2 pts if answered correctly – I will add the points to your score) In eukaryotes (such as humans), two individuals can be born that are genetically identical, but they can end up with slightly different phenotypes from each other. How does epigenetics explain this?

Translation starts at the [a] and ends at the [b].

In Muppet Monsters, a gene controls whether an individual has horns or not. HH and Hh = no horns; hh = horns. Two Muppet Monster are heterozygous for horns. Their genotypes are [a] and their phenotypes are [c]. If these two heterozygous individuals have kids, the probability that their first child will NOT have horns is [b].

The pedigrees above show the inheritance of traits. Shaded individuals have the condition; unshaded individuals do not. Carriers, if any, are not indicated. Circles indicate XX individuals and squares indicate XY individuals. Pedigree [a] is what we would expect to see for an X-linked recessive condition. Pedigree [b] is what we would expect to see for an autosomal dominant condition. Pedigree [c] is what we would expect to see for a Y-linked condition.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can regulate gene expression. Which of the following mechanisms is seen in eukaryotes, but NOT in prokaryotes?

In organisms that reproduce sexually, what contributes to genetic variation among offspring?

A red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered one. All the offspring produce pink flowers. What can we conclude from this?

A diploid cell that goes through meiosis will always produce _____.

An individual has the genotype AaBbCcDd (the four genes are unlinked). The individual produces gametes. Which of the following gamete genotypes could only occur if there were mistakes during meiosis? Choose both correct answers.

What carries out each of the following processes?