Hormones that bind to receptors located on the outside of the cell work through second messenger mechanisms this means that the: 

Due to her progressing osteoarthritis (OA), an 80-year-old woman is no longer able to perform her activities of daily living without assistance. Which phenomenon most likely underlies the woman’s situation?

Which newborn infant demonstrates the highest risk of presenting with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?

The nurse practitioner performing a musculoskeletal assessment of a client with osteoarthritis would expect the following assessment finding knowing the pathophysiology of the disease. 

A teenager, exposed to West Nile virus a few weeks ago while camping with friends, is admitted with headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. The teenager is also displaying some lethargy and disorientation. Which diagnosis is most likely for this patient? 

An older adult client has had their mobility and independence significantly impaired by the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). What is the primary pathophysiologic process that has contributed to this client’s decline in health?

In which location would a clinician expect to find a ligament?

Which of the following diagnosis is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies, B-cell hyperreactivity, and the formation of tissue damaging immune complexes which cause a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any organ system including musculoskeletal system

Which statement best captures the essence of a second messenger in the mechanisms of the endocrine system?

A hospitalized client with diabetes mellitus has sudden onset of slurred speech; lack of coordination; and cool, clammy skin. What would the nurse practitioners primary concern be?