The use of rewards (e.g., praise, money, tokens) to increase a target behavior:

Crimes of the powerful are those offenses committed by influential persons or groups in society.  

Term coined by Durkheim to describe a state of affairs in which the norms and values of society weaken and are no longer able to control behaviors:

The perspective that inadequate or incomplete socialization leads to criminal behavior:

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force, threat of force or violence, and/or by putting the victim in fear:

According to the novel “Things Fall Apart”, why doesn’t Okonkwo have any patience with his father?          

The most serious of crime in the Uniform Crime Report, murder, rape, assault, burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson:

View that criminal law is the result of constant clashes between groups with different levels of power.  Those groups that win the clashes define the legal code in a manner consistent with their values:

Sweeping theories that attempt to explain all types of criminal behavior:

Economists regard expenditures on education as investments because: