Failed states do not need to worry about the problem of defining themselves vis a vis an existing and potentially hostile political authority or about devising a strategy to challenge or confront the ruling state

The following statement was written by ________________________in the journal article titled, “Hamas and the Transformation of Political Islam in Palestine”: “Radical Islam emerged not because people were opposed to political and economic change but they were continuously denied it.”

Salafi (traditional) do not believe in questioning the authority of the ruler/leader.

There is a specific form of government to be found and explained in detail in Islam as a religion.

Shari’ah – also spelled Sharia (pathway in Arabic),  the fundamental religious concept of Islam: its moral & ethical system, namely its law, systematized during the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era (8th–9th centuries ce)

The Justice and Development Party (PJD) is a political party in Morocco that advocates for political Islam. It was the ruling party of Morocco from 2011 to 2021.

A most respected source for legal methodology: Sunni Legal Schools 1.Imam Malik (8th & 9th centuries) 2.Abu Hanifa 3.Al-Shafi’i 4.Ibn Hanbal

The AKP political party in Turkey was founded in 2001 and it included new urban class solidarity-based groups with rural origins and a shared Islamic ethos.  These groups had been culturally and economically excluded by the Kemalist elite. [Founded in 2001 by members of a number of existing conservative parties, the party has won pluralities in the five most recent legislative elections, those of 2002, 2007, 2011, June 2015, and November 2015.]

Since 1979 revolution – Iran has experienced two non-class power structures: 1) populsim and 2) clientelism

The Jordanian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, Islamic Action Front (IAF) has for the greater part of its existence enjoyed a considerably more cooperative and mutually supportive relationship with the regime, the monarchy.