Astrid is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Astrid kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard, where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as __________.

At what point do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

Ella has a very generous boss who occasionally brings in gift cards for his workers. He does this for no particular reason; it is just a nice way to keep people motivated. Ella never knows when she is going to get a special bonus from her boss. Ella’s boss is reinforcing his workers according to a __________ schedule.

When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items __________ of the list.

Positive reinforcement is to __________ as negative reinforcement is to __________.

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep after they become sick from the bait he leaves. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of __________ to accomplish this.

Kiara just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her to keep telling jokes, Kiara’s dad might __________.

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions based on his work giving sweetened liquid to rats and then inducing nausea in them?