Mr. Louise, a psychologist, wants to understand the effect of the physical attractiveness of drivers on the severity of punishment assigned to them in automobile accidents. The participants of his study are asked to read an account of an accident and also a description about the physical appearance of the defendant, but the descriptions of physical appearance of the defendant change between groups. They are then asked to assign a punishment to the defendant. In this scenario, the manipulation is most likely an example of a________ manipulation.

In a shopping mall, a marketing researcher asks customers if they would prefer soda in a bottle or in a can. Their responses would be an example of a________ measure.

A researcher assigns participants to either an experimental or a placebo group without informing them. The researcher’s students who test the participants are also unaware of the participants’ assigned group. In this scenario, the experiment has used a

A researcher measured the performance of two groups of employees. One group received low monetary incentives first and was later given high monetary incentives. The other group was given high monetary incentives first and was later given low monetary incentives. At each stage, the employees’ performance was measured. This scenario exemplifies a(n)

Phillipe, a researcher, examined the effect of lighting on learning. Randomly selected participants were asked to learn the same chapter using either a 100-watt or a 125-watt bulb. He found no difference between the learning capacities of the two groups. The nonsignificant results may have occurred because of

If the two groups involved in an experiment are not equivalent,

While Daisuke is performing a cognitive task, a researcher uses a physiological measure that scans various areas of Daisuki’s brain. In this case, the researcher is most likely using a(n)

How can expectancy effects be reduced?

Kalim wants to study the effectiveness of a new teaching method. He includes two teachers of a class in the experiment. One teacher uses the new method of teaching, and the other teacher uses the old method. At the end of the semester, he finds that students who were taught in the new way had higher grades than students taught in the old way. What is the confounding variable?

An employment agency wants to examine the employment rate in a city. The agency’s researcher divides the population into the following subgroups: age, gender, graduates, nongraduates, and discipline of graduation and then randomly selects sample members from each of these subgroups. This is an example of