What is a common limitation in the use of dopamine, dobutamine and milrinone during heart failure?

Using the Nernest equation and typical concentrations of potassium inside and outside of cells, the predicted Em (resting membrane potential) is -96 mV. However, the measured Em in cardiac myocytes is -90 mV. Why is the actual Em different from the predicted Em based upon potassium?

Calcification of the aortic valve, which predominantly involves the base of the leaflets rather than the leaflet edges, is typical of what disease process?

A 24 yo man presents with the acute onset of chest discomfort. The pain began last night and is substernal and sharp, and non-radiating. The pain is less when the patient is sitting versus lying flat, and is a bit worse with coughing. He has an upper respiratory infection that began 8 days ago, with some mild fevers. On exam his vitals are stable, he is afebrile, and there appears to be a friction rub on cardiac auscultation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 10 year old girl with sickle cell disease received a blood transfusion. It significantly increased her blood volume above normal levels. What changes in inotropy and total peripheral resistance (TPR) would occur within minutes of receiving the blood transfusion?

What is the cause of valvulitis in rheumatic fever?

In the case of acute coronary occlusion, myocardial necrosis can be prevented if circulation is completely restored within what period of time immediately following the occlusion?

Which one of the following procedures has the highest risk of producing bacteremia?

What is the identity of the lesion observed in the image that is marked with the white arrow?

A patient presents with new onset severe chest discomfort. His laboratory testing and EKG are shown. What is the diagnosis?