FILL-IN: Lamarck proposed that giraffe parents lengthened their necks by stretching to reach leaves, then passed their lengthened necks to their offspring. He called his hypothesis “the inheritance of _____________”.  Spell carefully, and give the complete term.

In the phylogeny below, note the following variations: -Body size (large or small) -Number of arms (3, 4, or 5 arms) -Body coloration (spotted, striped, or solid)   Which trait(s) evolved at position #1? Select the one best answer.

Select the list with the correct consecutive order of taxonomic categories, from broadest (most inclusive) to narrowest:

Which of the following statements related to evolution is FALSE?

The echidna is an egg-laying mammal whose body is covered in quills for protection from predators.  The porcupine’s body also is covered in quills for protection, although porcupines are not closely related to echidnas. What is the best explanation for presence of quills in these two species?

HARDY-WEINBERG CALCULATIONS: In a population of gorillas, there are two alleles at a particular locus (G and g), and the frequency of the dominant G allele is 0.1.  What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model? 

If the forelimb bones of penguins and whales are homologous structures but the adaptation of the limb to be used for swimming is analogous, then the most recent common ancestor of penguins and whales had:

EXTRA CREDIT: The scale of nature (Great Chain of Being) viewpoint, in which organisms were arranged by increasing complexity on a ladder-like hierarchy, was proposed by _____ (give the person’s name) in approximately 300 BCE.  Spell carefully.

What is a vestigial trait? Explain why the existence of vestigial traits is evidence for evolution via natural selection.

Mutation is the only mechanism of evolution that: