According to the handicap principle, in an honest signal the perceived advantage linked to the disadvantageous trait is

Which reflects negative density dependence?I. A fungus infects and kills plants at a higher rate when they are abundant than when they are rare.II. A group of birds has a higher per capita survival rate when it is large than when it is small.III. A large population of deer exhausts local food supplies and has a high risk of death; a small population has plentiful food and low risk of death.

An example of a top down effect in a community would be:

A type _____ functional response occurs when a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases linearly with increasing prey and then satiates.

In the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana), a species of tropical wading bird, all brood care is performed by males. Females protect nests and defend territory. Females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. The male then fertilizes the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. This type of social interaction is an example of

A species of louse (an external parasite) infests salmon. Researchers have found that the lice have difficulty finding a mate when there are only a few lice on an individual fish. The lice find mates more easily and produce more offspring when there are many lice on an individual fish. This is an example of

Which statement best describes the Red Queen hypothesis?

A hummingbird guarding a hummingbird feeder is an example of

A what if” simulation using a computer helps to”

Which describes the figure of logistic population growth shown in the graph?