How can a doctor measure progression of AIDS in a patient infected with HIV-1?

In LCMV infection in lab mice, a single Y to F substitution in the epitope KAVYNFATM leads to a 100-fold reduction in affinity with the dominant T cell receptor. What is the consequence of this?

If there is a positive correlation between root-to-tip divergence distance and the sampling date of sequences in a phylogeny, what can we conclude?

What do we call the rate at which novel mutations arise (per site or per genome) per genome replication event?

Which statement about protozoa is correct?

What does PCR do?

Which of the following is an appropriate definition for immunological memory?

Which of the following is a correct function of the CD4 protein on T cells?

Which of the following attributes of covid-19 make it an especially challenging infectious disease for public health authorities to control?

Why does genetic drift have a greater effect on smaller populations than on larger populations?