​The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the             century.

​According to the authors, corrections has a(n)              relationship with its environment.

​Your authors divide some of the controversies, issues, and themes that arise in the study of corrections into three main areas: upholding social values, ________________, and ____________________.

​During the colonial period most Americans lived under laws and practices transferred from ___________ and adapted to local conditions.

​Prior to the 1960s courts maintained a(n)        with respect to corrections.

​By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:

​The filing of a writ of habeas corpus is the legal action most commonly used by inmates to challenge prison and jail conditions. 

​During the Enlightenment, advances in scientific thinking led to an inquisitive attitude that emphasized all of the following ideas except for:

Sentencing guidelines are designed to do all of the following except:​

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are: