Please refer to the directed acyclic graph (DAG) below. E refers to the primary study exposure and Y refers to the primary study outcome. Which of the other variables can be best described as a confounder?   

My study’s primary outcome is “either hypertension or death” and I report that the treatment in my study reduces the risk of “hypertension or death” by 50%. When I look at hypertension alone, the risk reduction is 80%, but when I look at death alone, there is no risk reduction. My initial statement appears misleading. The situation described above is most likely a problem of which of the following?

A prospective cohort study indicates a strong association between depression (exposure) and osteoporosis (outcome), which manifests by loss of bone density and weakening of the bones. However, the investigator is concerned about possible confounding variables. Your empirical analysis has already identified several factors that are associated with osteoporosis (the outcome of interest) including age, gender, height/weight (body mass index), hormone replacement therapy, physical exercise, and history of steroid use. No other factors in the dataset are associated with the outcome. The table below then compares the distribution of various factors by exposure status. Using the information provided above and information in the table, enter the correct response (yes or no) indicating whether each factor in the table is a likely confounder of the association between depression and osteoporosis?     Factor Exposure Status Likely Confounder? Not Depressed Depressed Age < 65 years (%) 39% 64% [answer1] Female gender (%) 66% 63% [answer2] Type AB blood type (%) 18% 39% [answer3] Regular physical exercise (%) 47% 23% [answer4] Body mass index (mean) 28.4 26.8 [answer5] Steroid use (%) 16% 34% [answer6] Divorced or widowed (%) 8% 28% [answer7] Low bone mineral density (%) 38% 64% [answer8]  

Based on the figure, what is the length of the empirical induction period?

If an agent can inhibit both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, then it has a narrow spectrum.

If an agent can only inhibit gram-postive bacteria, then it has a narrow spectrum.

If an agent can only inhibit gram-negative bacteria, then it has a broad spectrum.

When performing a Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assay, the smaller the zone the ________ susceptible the bacteria are to the agent.

A 65.0 kg mountain climber hangs below a rock outcropping from a nylon rope. The diameter of the nylon rope is 0.00800 m. What is the change in length of the rope if it was 45.0 m long before she hung from it?        Nylon:  Shear modulus: 2.00 x 109 N/m2    Young’s modulus: 5.00 x 109 N/m2     Bulk modulus: 6.00 x 109 N/m2

A water balloon is thrown straight down with an initial speed of 12.0 m/s from a second floor window, 5.00 m above ground level. If air resistance is negligible, how fast is the balloon moving when it is 0.500 m above the ground?  USE ENERGY CONCEPTS TO SOLVE.