Explain the tonic stretch reflex. Please discuss and describe the relevant circuitry involved ( what neurons/fibers (be specific)), details regarding how it works, and whether or not it is normal to see this reflex in a healthy, intact adult. Also, please describe how this reflex might be affected by: 1) upper motor neuron damage; 2) lower motor neuron damage; 3) sensory afferent neuron damage. 

A lesion of the cervical spinal cord in the location indicated above would likely affect which tract?  

A motor unit is the _____________ functional contractile component of a muscle that can be controlled by the nervous system. A motor neuron is/is not considered to be part of the motor unit. 

EXTRA CREDIT: Which image(s) are paired with the correct diagnosis? A. MCA stroke: B. epidural hematoma: C. Epidural hematoma:   D. PCA stroke:   E. Multiple sclerosis:   F. Hydrocephalus:

The following cranial nerves are involved in both ANS afferent pathways and efferent parasympathetic pathways except for: 

EXTRA CREDIT: Please describe the following information for each motor tract listed: a) the function, b) the location of the UMN cell body and axon, c) the location of the LMN cell body and axon, d) does it cross, and if so, where, and e) what is the target muscle group? 1) lateral reticulospinal 2) medial reticulospinal 3) medial vestibulospinal  4) tectospinal 

Normal bladder function in an adult requires the following structures to be intact: 

EXTRA CREDIT: Please list the cranial nerves associated with the following reflexes, and specify which nerve is associated with the efferent vs afferent limbs of each reflex. 1. corneal blink reflex 2. pupillary reflex 3. accommodation reflex 4. gag reflex

The caudate and the putamen form the _______________. 

The basal ganglia output nuclei normally act to ___________ the motor thalamus and pedunculopontine nuclei. Inadequate inhibition from the basal ganglia results in  ____________ disorders.