What type of cell secretes cytokines?

What keeps the two strands of DNA in the double helix held together?

Your friend had a Pseudomonas (a gram negative bacterium) infection and was sent to the hospital. When doctors administered antibiotics your friend went into septic shock rather quickly. The doctors said that the septic shock was a result of an endotoxin. Which of the following provides the best explanation of what happened?

If a host cell’s peroxidase enzyme is not working it could be due to a bacterial infection. The pathogen in question probably produces a ____________________ that binds the iron needed for peroxidase activity.

Which of the following increases the likelihood that emerging infectious diseases will spread?

What is the amino acid sequence produced by the following nucleic acid sequence? AUG  GGA  AAA

A DNA template molecule reads: GCGATAC. If this template molecule was transcribed, what would the resulting mRNA sequence read?

E. coli can secrete invasins to get inside of human host cells. What do invasins typically modify to accomplish this entry?

Bacteria need a source of nitrogen in their growth media. Which of the following macromolecules always requires nitrogen for synthesis to occur?

Bacteroides within your GI tract obtain nutrients from the food that you eat, but they also help prevent your GI tract from getting colonized by pathogenic bacteria that pass through. Bacteroides in return gets a steady source of nutrients. This is an example of which of the following: