P/P4: Why is the RAO sternum preferred to the LAO position?

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage and complete the notes using words from the passage.Beauty for the Boys[A] Walk by any department store and you are bound to see some young men checking out the latest skincare products. Times are certainly changing when it comes to beauty products. Historically, products for skincare and grooming were predominantly associated with female consumers. In the present day, however, men are caring more and more about their appearances.[B] While men in the past may have been satisfied with soap for their faces and a short cut for their hair, many young men of the current generation are taking extra care of their skin and paying extra attention to their hair. As a result of this, not only are men purchasing more beauty and grooming products than ever before, but they are also becoming more specific as to the types of products that they use. Antiaging creams and facial masks, for example, have become increasingly popular for both genders. Furthermore, although shaving products and deodorants have always been fundamental to men who want to look and smell their best, these too have grown in popularity. [C] This changing reality has been clearly reflected in the sales statistics. For the last decade or so, sales of men’s beauty and grooming products have been growing at roughly six percent per year. Amazingly, skincare products alone have experienced annual growth in the double digits. As a consequence of this tremendous expansion, the industry as a whole is now worth US$5 billion. [D] There are several reasons why men have become more concerned about their appearances than in the past. First and foremost, men’s grooming behaviors have been altered as a result of a general cultural shift. In the past, many men were frequently told by their fathers and grandfathers that grooming was not manly. The messages that men receive now, both from elders and their peers,1 have substantially changed. Many young men are now told that good grooming is more hygienic,2 more responsible, and more professional.[E] The increased importance of the media in our daily lives, including the Internet and social media, has been another major factor. As research shows, men have been targeted by a growing number of beauty and personal health companies who have had a strong desire to expand their customer bases. Because of this, younger generations of men have been exposed to a larger number of advertisements and marketing techniques than older generations.[F] A third and related reason is the role of male role models. While men have changed in many ways over the years, one thing that has not changed is many men’s love of sports. Because there are many men who look up to their sports heroes, athletes can have a very large influence on what men wear, how they smell, and how they style their hair. Indeed, it is very common for young men to copy the hairstyles of their favorite soccer players. Because beauty companies have featured athletes in their advertisements more often than in the past, young men have learned different ways to emulate their sports idols.31 A peer is someone who is around your age or is equal to you in society (e.g., a friend, a co-worker).2 Hygienic means clean and healthy.3 An idol is someone you admire.NOTES”First and foremost, men’s grooming behaviors have been altered as a result of a general cultural shift.” (paragraph D)• men in past told grooming was not 1________ • men now told good grooming is more hygienic, 2________, and professional “The increased importance of the media in our daily lives, including the Internet and social media, has been another major factor.” (paragraph E)• current generation of men exposed to more 3________ and marketing techniques than older generation”A third and related reason is the role of male role models.” (paragraph F)• men still crazy about 4________ • young men often copy 5________ of favorite soccer players (4) _____________

P/P2: Which projection of the foot best demonstrates the cuboid?

DIRECTIONS: Complete the sentences using the words in the box.desireconform todevotegenderconsumersfeaturesnotionassociated withsubjectiveuniformIf you compare clothing from 60 years ago with those worn by people today, there has been a noticeable change in what people are wearing. In the 1960s, clothing was differentiated by either 1 __________. Skirts and dresses were mostly 2 __________ clothes for women, leaving slacks to men and boys. In an office or workplace, the men would all wear an identical style of dark-colored jackets and ties, like a(n) 3 __________. The very 4 __________ of casual Friday, with everyone wearing jeans, would be astonishing.However, what hasn’t changed from the 1960s is that 5 __________, both male and female, still love spending money on clothes. People still 6 __________ a lot of time to shopping and choosing clothing. The 7 __________ to look good is still strong. Many people still want to 8 __________ what their peers are wearing, and others still want to show off their best physical 9 __________ through their fashion choices. Even when everyone seems to be wearing the same style, 10 __________ choices of color and accessories make each person’s outfit unique. (10) ______________

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer for each question.Hair: Why Do We Care?[A] It is estimated that the average woman in America usually goes through over 100 different hairstyles during her adult life. There are many women who will proudly claim that they have had hair of various lengths, styles, and colors. Although men are not thought to make alterations as frequently as women, some men do make dramatic changes to their hairstyles at key moments in their lives. These facts lead to a crucial question: What is it that makes people change their hairstyles? To answer this, we must turn to the discipline of psychology.[B] The first reason that psychologists provide is fairly straightforward. The way our hair looks is directly associated with our age. For most people, aging causes some degree of anxiety. Hiding the fact that we are getting older can thus help to relieve this stress. For men who are gradually losing their hair, a new hairstyle can help cover a noticeable bald spot. For women, a new color can cover up the appearance of gray hairs. In short, changes to hairstyle can go a long way in maintaining an individual’s appearance of youthfulness. [C] According to psychologists, a second common reason why people change their hair is because an attractive hairstyle is a great way to make a first impression. Since it frames our face, our hair is one of the physical features most clearly remembered after meeting someone for the first time. Interestingly, it is even more noticeable than other common elements of our appearance. When we walk into a room with a new haircut and a new pair of jeans, it is common for most people in the room to notice the former rather than the latter. For this reason, it is no real surprise that people often go to the hair salon before a job interview or their first day at a new company or school.[D] The desire to demonstrate control over our lives is the third main reason that psychologists provide. Studies show that men and women often change their hairstyles during a period of personal difficulty. Although this sometimes occurs after the loss of a job or relocation to a new city or country, the most common situation is after a breakup.1 By changing our hairstyles, we provide evidence to both ourselves and the world around us that we are in control of our lives. As Amy Lewis explains, changing hairstyles can be “empowering, especially when you feel like other aspects of your life are out of control.” [E] The reason why hair is often chosen to demonstrate self-control is because it is one of the easiest things to change. Paying for a new hairstyle, after all, is much cheaper than buying a whole new wardrobe2 and much less permanent than getting a tattoo. Furthermore, our hair is an extremely visual, and thus noticeable, aspect of ourselves. [F] With this information in mind, the next time you visit your hairstylist, you should ask yourself: What is my real motivation for changing my hair? 1 A breakup is when a romantic relationship ends between two people.2 A wardrobe is all the clothes that someone has. What is the writer suggesting in the final paragraph?

S/RB: A dose of 0.25 Gy to the fetus during third or fourth week of the first trimester of pregnancy can potentially cause:

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer for each question. What is Beauty? [F] Take another example: In every culture, one’s hairstyle sends a clear message. In the Huli culture of Papua New Guinea, men grow their hair long as a symbol of health and strength. Teenage boys in this culture learn from a young age to style and decorate their hair – a behavior more commonly associated with the opposite gender in many cultures. It is also the men in this culture who are the objects of beauty. For certain festivals and celebrations, men dress up and paint their faces. The more colorful a man is, the more masculine – and attractive – he is considered.What is the purpose of paragraph F?

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer for each question.Skin: The Body’s Canvas[A] If you could take off your skin and lay it flat, it would cover an area of about 1.9 square meters. Skin is, by far, the body’s largest organ. Covering almost the entire body, skin protects us from a variety of external forces. For example, it protects us from extremes of temperature, damaging sunlight, harmful chemicals, and dangerous infections. Skin is also packed with nerves, which keeps the brain in touch with the outside world. The health of our skin and its ability to perform its protective functions are crucial to our well-being. However, the appearance of our skin is equally – if not more – important to many people on this planet.[B] Take skin color, for example. Your genes determine your skin’s color, but for centuries, humans have tried to lighten or darken their skin in an attempt to be more attractive. In the 1800s, white skin was desirable for many Europeans. Skin this color meant that its owner was a member of the upper class and did not have to work in the sun. Among darker-skinned people in some parts of the world, products used to lighten skin are still popular today. During the 20th century, attitudes toward light skin shifted in the opposite direction in other cultures, as cities grew and work moved indoors. Tanned skin began to indicate leisure time and health. In many places today, tanning on the beach or in a salon remains popular, even though people are more aware of the dangers of UV rays.Identity and Status[C] Just as people have altered their skin’s color to denote wealth and beauty, so too have cultures around the globe marked their skin to indicate cultural identity or community status. Tattooing, for example, has been carried out for thousands of years. Leaders in places including ancient Egypt, Britain, and Peru wore tattoos to mark their status, or their bravery. Today, among the Maori people of New Zealand as well as in cultures in Samoa, Tahiti, and Borneo, full-facial tattoos are still used to identify the wearer as a member of a certain family. These tattoos can also symbolize the person’s achievements in life. [D] In Japan, tattooing has been practiced for thousands of years, but was outlawed in the 19th century. Although there are no laws against it today, tattoos are still strongly associated with criminals – particularly the yakuza, or the Japanese mafia, who are known for their full-body tattoos. The complex design of a yakuza member’s tattoo usually includes symbols of character traits that the wearer wants to have. The process of getting a full-body tattoo is both slow and painful and can take two years or more to complete.[E] In some cultures, scarring – a marking caused by cutting or burning the skin – is practiced, usually among people who have darker skin on which a tattoo would be difficult to see. For many men in West Africa, for instance, scarring is a rite of passage – an act that symbolizes that a male has matured from a child into an adult. In Australia, among some native peoples, cuts are made on the skin of both men and women when they reach age 16 or 17. Without these, they were traditionally not permitted to trade, sing ceremonial songs, or participate in other activities.[F] Not all skin markings are permanent, though. In countries such as Morocco and India, women decorate their skin with colorful henna designs for celebrations such as weddings and important religious holidays. The henna coloring, which comes from a plant, fades and disappears over time.[G] In recent years in many industrialized nations, tattooing, henna body art, and, to a lesser degree, scarring have been gaining in popularity. What makes these practices appealing to those living in modern cities? According to photographer Chris Rainier, whose book Ancient Marks examines body markings around the globe, people are looking for a connection with the traditional world. “There is a whole sector of modern society – people in search of identity, people in search of meaning …,” says Rainier. “Hence, [there has been] a huge explosion of tattooing and body marking.” Rainier reasons that it’s “mankind wanting identity, wanting a sense of place … and a sense of culture within their community.” What is the main idea of paragraph A?

DIRECTIONS: Complete the sentences using the words in the box.desireconform todevotegenderconsumersfeaturesnotionassociated withsubjectiveuniformIf you compare clothing from 60 years ago with those worn by people today, there has been a noticeable change in what people are wearing. In the 1960s, clothing was differentiated by either 1 __________. Skirts and dresses were mostly 2 __________ clothes for women, leaving slacks to men and boys. In an office or workplace, the men would all wear an identical style of dark-colored jackets and ties, like a(n) 3 __________. The very 4 __________ of casual Friday, with everyone wearing jeans, would be astonishing.However, what hasn’t changed from the 1960s is that 5 __________, both male and female, still love spending money on clothes. People still 6 __________ a lot of time to shopping and choosing clothing. The 7 __________ to look good is still strong. Many people still want to 8 __________ what their peers are wearing, and others still want to show off their best physical 9 __________ through their fashion choices. Even when everyone seems to be wearing the same style, 10 __________ choices of color and accessories make each person’s outfit unique. (1) ______________

DIRECTIONS: Complete the sentences using the words in the box.desireconform todevotegenderconsumersfeaturesnotionassociated withsubjectiveuniformIf you compare clothing from 60 years ago with those worn by people today, there has been a noticeable change in what people are wearing. In the 1960s, clothing was differentiated by either 1 __________. Skirts and dresses were mostly 2 __________ clothes for women, leaving slacks to men and boys. In an office or workplace, the men would all wear an identical style of dark-colored jackets and ties, like a(n) 3 __________. The very 4 __________ of casual Friday, with everyone wearing jeans, would be astonishing.However, what hasn’t changed from the 1960s is that 5 __________, both male and female, still love spending money on clothes. People still 6 __________ a lot of time to shopping and choosing clothing. The 7 __________ to look good is still strong. Many people still want to 8 __________ what their peers are wearing, and others still want to show off their best physical 9 __________ through their fashion choices. Even when everyone seems to be wearing the same style, 10 __________ choices of color and accessories make each person’s outfit unique. (2) ______________