​Some lower courts have upheld rules in conflict with the           Amendment protections because they were the least restrictive method of dealing with an institutional problem.

​Which of the following is NOT one of the four major goals of corrections in the United States? 

​________________ was an English prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.

​As systems grow and mature, they become more:

Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is considered: ​

​The Progressives thought it necessary to know the life history of each offender in order to devise an appropriate treatment plan for that specific individual.

​Banishment can best be described as punishment inflicted on the offender’s body with whips and other devices that cause physical pain and scarring.

​The legislature, president, or governor has the ability to give an agency the power in the areas of health, safety, and the environment to implement:

​According to the authors, which system of government divides power between one national government and multiple state governments?

According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?​