The phrenic nerve which innervates our diaphragm muscle arises from what area of the spinal column

The phenomenon of the “hypoxic drive” occurs because these patients are unable to rely on their central chemical receptors and H+ changes forcing them to rely on the secondary stimulus to breath which is hypoxemia.

In the normal upright lung the apices have more ventilation and less perfusion.

The carotid and aortic peripheral receptors are sensitive to

Which of the following is characterized by a Hemoglobin > 18 gram/dl

List 3 things that can cause an increase in Oxygen consumption:

As body temperature increases, the Oxygen Dissociation Curve will shift to the right. 

The formation of a new species due to geographical isolation is

Which of the following would explain the danger of providing too much oxygen toCOPD patient that relies on hypoxic drive?

The PaO2from a blood gas result reflects the amount of oxygen that is _________________________.