Ejection fraction is defined as how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction as a percentage of total ventricular volume. The patient’s left ventricular ejection fraction was 20% (normal range: 50-75%). a) Assuming that the total ventricular volume (=end diastolic volume) is 100ml, calculate end systolic volume of the patient and compare it to normal (decreased or increased). b) Heart rate would (decrease or increase) to maintain homeostasis of cardiac output. Include an equation to justify your answer. c) Is her condition takotdubo cardiomyopathy (systolic or diastolic) problem? Is there any other clue to conclude it among her signs?

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.

When the radius of the resistance vessels is increased, which of the following is increased?

If an athlete completes a maximum sprint interval in 10 seconds as part of an interval training workout, which of the following is a recommended length of the rest period before the next sprint?

The pressure differential between the heart and the aorta is least in the

Short Answers (50 points) Please answer questions concisely and write clearly.   A 55-year-old female was admitted to the hospital due to “pounding” in her chest, nausea, and diaphoresis (sweating) that persisted for 40 minutes after a routine jog. The heart rate was 65 beats per minute, and the blood pressure 138/72 mm Hg. Doctors noted that her blood troponin I level was elevated and continued to rise 11 hours later (from 0.055 ng/ml to 0.415 ng/ml; normal range, 0 to 0.045). All other tests were normal with the left ventricular end-diastole pressure, 5 mmHg, and she was discharged with aspirin and a beta-blocker for presumed exercise-related supraventricular tachycardia. Four months later, while she was on a downhill-skiing trip in Vermont, she experienced acute nausea and emesis (vomiting) followed by chest pain and dyspnea (difficulty breathing). The heart rate was 111 beats per minute, the blood pressure was 115/81 mm Hg, the troponin I level was 11 ng/ml, and the white-cell count was 36,100 per cubic millimeter (normal range, 4500 to 11,000). Intravenous infusions of heparin and furosemide (diuretics) were administered at a local emergency department then transferred to the local hospital via helicopter. On the patient’s arrival, the heart rate was 143 beats per minute, the blood pressure was 96/72 mm Hg, and the troponin I level was 4.790 ng/ml (normal range,

Early in her care, she was treated to lower the heart rate. Discuss three drug mechanisms to lower the heart rate, based on three different types of receptors which influence heart rate. Justify the administration of norepinephrine following an episode of hypotension. Specifically, state how the drug impacts contractility, stroke volume, and mean arterial pressure. Be sure to do the following; a) Identify the type of receptor to which norepinephrine binds on a myocardial (contractile) cell. b) Predict intracellular calcium levels after receptor-ligand binding (increase/decrease) and identify two resulting mechanisms that lead to those changes.

Which of the following is generally discouraged in older adults, due to the sudden rise in blood pressure it can create?

An athlete is used to performing high-intensity aerobic exercise; however, she will now be changing to longer-duration, submaximal exercise on a regular basis. This change in training strategy will typically result in what changes concerning energy supply?

A 49-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital after experiencing recurrent episodes of shortness of breath, severe headache, sweating, and abdominal pain. These episodes occurred primarily during physical exertion. Vitals were taken and included a BP recording of 160/95 mm Hg. She underwent a series of exams including imaging studies that showed a tumor on her adrenal medulla. When this tumor suddenly releases a large amount of epinephrine into the circulation, the patient’s heart rate would be expected to