If there is a proton gradient across a membrane, this means that which of the following types of gradients does NOT exist in this situation?

Name the cells in this type of tissue that are dead cells with thick secondary cell walls to provide strength for non-growing parts of the plant. _______

Which statement below correctly describes the effect of that factor on the rate of diffusion?

List a DIFFERENT one of the three osmotically active ions that are most important in the process described above. _______

Some water may also enter the root by bulk flow, if it enters through the  ?_

What is chemiosmosis? (Define)

Water cannot move between the cells of that layer because the walls between those cells have a waxy substance referred to as the  ?_

What is a DIFFERENT function of a plant’s roots? _______

α-helices and β-pleated sheets occur at what protein structure level?

Start a new paragraph or line for each answer, and be sure that each part of your answer is clearly labeled as part “a” or “b” or “c” (etc.).   a) What category of mineral nutrients do soils store best? b) Why? c) Give two specific examples of mineral nutrients that are easily leached from soil. d) What is one way that these types of easily leached nutrients avoid being entirely leached from the soil? e) Acid rain will _____________ the fertility of poorly buffered soil.  f) Explain why.   Acidity can have other effects on soil fertility and plant growth, depending on whether the acidity is slight or extreme.  Give an example of: g) A beneficial effect of slight acidity: h) A harmful effect of extreme acidity:   i) Certain elements are essential for plant life because they are needed for one or more general physiological functions.  Essential mineral nutrients have been classified (placed into groups) according to their various biochemical functions in plants. List five (5) of these possible categories of biochemical/ physiological functions, and give one or more examples of a specific essential nutrient for each one.