​One-fourth of those convicted of a crime receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation. 

Hispanics and whites are subjected to the criminal justice system at much higher rates than blacks.​

​References to “types” of offenders means they:

In prison, gangs are organized primarily to:​

Although nearly one of ten arrestees for murder is a woman, judges and juries seem very reluctant to sentence a woman to death.​

Western states tend to have the highest incarceration rates of African Americans in the United States.​

​To combat ambiguities in classification, correctional administrators have started using:

​A classification system that has a significant amount of overlap is able give correctional administrators guidance about appropriate treatment for offenders.

             adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime.​

The victim’s perception of the race of the offender:​