​Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:

Incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more than one intended goal behind their implementation.​

​The invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:

​During the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and:

Since the          , retribution as a justification for the criminal sanction has aroused new interest.​

​Most correctional offenders today are housed in which types of facilities?

​English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.

​Which of the following is NOT an alternative to litigation by inmates?

​In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles?

​Jeremy Bentham’s classic prison design known as the ______________ called for a circular building with a glass roof and cells on each story and around the circumference of the penitentiary so that the inmates could be viewed at all times to ensure they were abiding by prison rules.