Rats have been bred with a genetic defect such that they are unable to make leptin. What condition do you think these rats would have?

Overeating, eating fatty foods, or lying down immediately after a large meal can all cause heartburn (also known as pyrosis). Heartburn is a painful or burning sensation in the chest that is usually short-lived, but may be confused as a heart attack. Heartburn is usually associated with the reflux of  ____into the esophagus.

When it comes to Physiology, Dr. Kuemerle has a lot of favorites. Which of the following are her favorites?

Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammation of the liver with concurrent fat accumulation in liver. It can be caused by chronic, excessive use of alcohol. It involves the accumulation of free fatty acids, which overwhelm the hepatocyte’s ability to maintain lipid homeostasis, leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate.  Excess lipid accumulates in vesicles that displace the cytoplasm, distort the nucleus, and the cells may burst. This abnormal lipid deposition triggers the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Which of the following are true with regard to toll-like receptors?

CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that ___, whereas GIP ____

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter utilized in both the CNS and PNS. Cancer chemotherapy increases serotonin release in the digestive tract. Serotonin binds to 5HT3 receptors which can result in the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.  Medications, such as ondansetron, (a 5HT3 receptor blocker), are used to alleviate nausea.  What subdivision of the PNS directly controls the gastrointestinal system?

In 1971, scientists solved the long standing puzzle of how aspirin works. Aspirin and related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are used to treat a wide variety of inflammatory disorders and are successful in reducing fever, pain and inflammation. NSAIDS inhibit_____, which is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of ______.

Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work. They are the building blocks for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Which of the following is (are) not polysaccharides?

B cells__

When consuming a food with starch, digestion of the starch will begin by the action of ______ in the mouth and continue in the small intestine by the action of ______ from the pancreas.