The nurse is reviewing the mechanisms of acid-base buffers in the body. The kidneys act as an acid-base buffer by which of these mechanisms? Select all that apply.

A patient with gastroenteritis has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.30, PaO 2 80 mm Hg, PaCO 2 46 mm Hg, HCO 314. What does the nurse determine that these results indicate?

The nurse is caring for a patient who was brought to the ER after overdosing on narcotic pain medication. The patient was found unresponsive with no respirations. Arterial blood gases were drawn shortly after the patient’s arrival to the hospital. Which results will the nurse expect to see?

The emergency room nurse is caring for a patient with a severe fluid volume deficit who presented after several days of diarrhea secondary to C. difficile infection. Which intravenous (IV) fluid does the nurse anticipate will be used to rapidly replace the fluid volume?

Karen is a nurse caring for a 67-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As Karen begins her head to toe assessment of the patient, she finds that his pulse oximetry reading is 89% on room air. What is Karen’s first priority?

Which is a priority nursing action when providing care to a patient who is being admitted to the hospital for severe hypernatremia ?

The nurse is caring for a patient with a peripheral IV who tells the nurse that the IV site is painful and puffy. What is the nurse’s best action?

Which saline solution draws water from cells into the extracellular fluid (ECF) by osmosis?

A patient with multiple draining wounds is admitted for hypovolemia. Which assessment would be the most accurate way for the nurse to evaluate fluid balance?  

Figure 3-3 ​   Refer to Figure 3-3. If the initial demand for margarine were D1, the impact of a decrease in the price of butter, a substitute good for margarine, would be illustrated as