3.    Spinal reflexes involving both or opposite sides of the spinal cord are?  a.    contralateralb.    bilateralc.    ipsilaterald.    patellar reflexese.    all of the above  

15.  Which statement below, regarding spinal taps of CSF, is FALSE? a.    the sub-arachnoid space containing CSF is the common site for spinal tapsb.    the epidural space containing CSF is the common site for spinal tapsc.    L3-L4 and L4-L5 are common sites for this process since the spinal cord is not touchedd.    the cauda equina between L3 and S1 can be anatomically involved in this processe.    spinal taps removing CSF are frequently used for diagnostic reasons  

2.    Proceeding inward from the outermost layer, which is/are a correct sequence? a.    epidural space, dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, spinal cordb.    epidural space, dura mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater, spinal cordc.    epidural space, dura mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid, pia mater, spinal cordd.    dura mater, subdural space,  arachnoid , subarachnoid space, pia mater, spinal corde.   b & d

1.    Polysynaptic reflexes are more complicated than monosynaptic reflexes because? a.    they are multi-segmental, contralateral, slower, & involve reciprocal inhibitionb.    they are faster than monosynaptic reflexesc.    their response is initiated by special sense receptorsd.    their motor neurons carry impulses from the peripheral nervous system to the braine.   they are multi-lateral, mono-segmental, & are less complex

10.    What structures listed below are ONLY part of the spinal cord? a.    dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater, CSF, & cranial meningesb.    medulla oblongata, pons, arbor vitae, corpra quadrigemina, phrenic nervec.    meninges, corpus callosum, pneumotaxic centers, pons, blood brain barrierd.    dorsal root, ventral root, rootlets, denticulate ligament, gray matter horns, spinal canale.    vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, CSF

9.    The major nerve of the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm is? a.    the vagus nerve coming off C-3b.    the diaphragmatic nerve off C-3 c.    the phrenic nerve coming off the brachial plexusd.    the phrenic nerve coming off the spinal cord at C-5e.    the phrenic nerve coming off the cervical plexus at C-3  

35.    What is the main structural difference between the spinal cord & medulla oblongata? a.    the spinal cord has white matter tracts while the medulla does not b.    the medulla has gray matter nuclei while the spinal cord does notc.    the spinal cord has a distinctive butterfly gray matter region but the medulla does not d.    decussation or “crossing over” only occurs in the spinal cord and not the medullae.    spinal nerves are part of the PNS but cranial nerves are part of the CNS     

18.    The ventral gray matter horns of the spinal cord contain? a.    somatic sensory (SS) and visceral sensory (VS) white matter nucleib.    somatic motor (SM) and visceral motor  (VM) gray matter nucleic.    white matter nerve tracts, columns & pathwaysd.    white matter ventral rami branches of white matter spinal nervese.   dorsal gray matter sensory processing centers  

33.    What area of the brain coordinates & controls subconscious learned movement patterns, fine muscle movement, posture and balance? a.    the corpus callosumb.    the basal nucleusc.    the cerebellumd.    the cerebral cortexe.    the hypothalamus 

29.    Name the innermost meninges layer that is highly vascular, and adheres to the surface contour of the brain, extending into every fold and curve? a.    neural cortexb.    epiduralc.    pia materd.    arachnoide.    dura mater