Please define gluconeogenesis (Please mention at least 3 different types of substrates). Why gluconeogenesis is especially important in ruminants?

Animal teeth do not have one of these following functions.

Hypervitaminosis means an abnormal condition caused by vitamin deficiency. 

In animal body, only the L-amino acids (not the D-amino acids) can be used as building blocks for protein synthesis.

How many CO2 molecules are generated from one complete Citric Acid Cycle?

Alanine dehydrogenase can remove an ammonia (-NH3) group from an alanine molecule, and after that the alanine molecule will become ___________. 

Different from enzymes that have proenzyme forms, no vitamin has any pro-vitamin form in animal tissues. 

A deficiency of which vitamin in humans can lead to a clinical syndrome called “Beriberi”?(A) Vitamin B1(B) Vitamin B2(C) Vitamin B3(D) Vitamin B4 (E) Vitamin B5

Which one of the following monosaccharides does not have 6 carbon atoms in its single molecule.

After a complete oxidation outside of an animal body, 2 grams of protein can release approximately 11 to 12 kilocalories of gross energy.