Regarding the cellular roles of hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) transport in the collecting duct, which of the following is the best answer?

What is the mainstay of treatment for early stage kidney cancer?

A patient receives a deceased donor kidney transplant. One year later, the patient presents with increasing serum creatinine. A renal transplant biopsy is performed and reveals infiltrating lymphocytes within the interstitium and also invading the tubules (‘tubulitis”). Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

86. Which set of drug categories are most commonly associated with acute drug-induced interstitial nephritis?

A child presents with a palpable abdominal mass. A nephrectomy is performed. elevated. A representative light microscopic image is shown. Assuming this solid mass involves the kidney and is neoplastic, what is the most likely diagnosis? 

A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department with a 4-day history of colicky right flank pain that radiates to the groin and hematuria. Ultrasound examination of the kidneys shows right-sided hydronephrosis and a dilated ureter. Which of the following is most likely to be found on urinalysis?

A 54 year old man suffers an acute myocardial infarction and is admitted to the hospital. He has severe hypotension and requires pressors (IV catecholamines) to support his blood pressure. Two days later the following labs are obtained as his urine output has declined. What is the most likely cause of the patient’s elevation in serum creatinine level given the information provided? 

An elderly woman patient is post-op from having a subdural hematoma surgically evaluated. On post-op day 1 her urine output declines and she becomes lethargic and obtunded. Laboratory testing is performed. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

How is total body phophate predominantly controlled?

In advanced prostatic cancer, which is the most important therapy?