Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Each answer should be a coherent paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:AchillesAshokaChinese CosmologyDaoismHammurabi’s CodeNefertitiThe Osiris MythThe Peloponnesian WarPericlesVardhamana Mahavira

Religious violence between Catholics and Protestants was commonplace following the Protestant Reformation. One of the most notable examples came at the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572, which occurred following the wedding of the Catholic sister of the King of France, Margaret de Valois, to a Protestant groom: [BLANK-1]. The bridegroom was a pragmatist and recognized that converting to Catholicism would ultimately allow him to serve as King of France himself; he was said to have cynically stated “Paris is worth a mass.” The wedding itself began in a bizarre fashion. As a Protestant, the groom was not allowed inside the cathedral where the wedding was being held, so his brother had to stand in for him with the groom yelling his vows out from across the threshold of the door. Following the ceremony, the Catholic Queen, Catherine de’ Medici, ordered troops to kill the thousands of unarmed French Huguenots (Protestants) who had traveled to Paris for the wedding and who had been assured of the safety of the event as wedding guests. The number of dead within Paris likely numbered at a few thousand; however, violence spread throughout the countryside as Catholics surprised Protestants and massacred as many as 30,000 over the course of several weeks. The bridegroom escaped the religious violence from the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and did ultimately convert to Catholicism and become King of France; however, he would ultimately be a victim of later religious violence as he was assassinated by a Catholic extremist in 1610.

Florence was the center of the Italian Renaissance and became notable for its unique Renaissance-era architecture. Florence’s celebrated building of this style is [BLANK-1] designed by the Renaissance architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446).

[BLANK-1] described the cultural importance of the tianguiz, or marketplace, in Mexica society. Marketplaces were held in extremely high esteem, housed shrines with food offerings, and had feast days dedicated to their honor. Marketplaces specialized in certain goods, with the marketplaces in Azcapotzalco and Itzocan dedicated to selling slaves (usually prisoners of war who would be used as human sacrifices). The slaves set aside for human sacrifice would be ritually bathed, dressed in fine clothes, treated divinely, given the best food to eat, and then sacrificed to the gods.

At the end of the twelfth century, the Muslim scholar Maulana Burhān ud-dīn Marghīnānī wrote [BLANK-1]. In this text, he discussed the rules regarding Muslim marriage and stated that Muslim men could practice polygamy and marry as many as four wives, as that number was explicitly expressed in the Qur’an. The wives could be free women or slaves and he argued against an older Muslim scholar named Shāfi’ī, who claimed that only one of the wives could be a slave. According to Marghīnānī, any number of the four wives could be slaves or free women.

[BLANK-1] were a nomadic group of Euroasian Steppe People who were founded around 552 and were the first Inner Asian people to found large states and leave a written record. They never united, however, and often fought against one another, rarely founding a lasting state. They came into frequent conflict with both Tang China and the Byzantine Empire. By the tenth century, most members of this group converted to Islam, however, they did not adopt Arabic trappings. They maintained their own distinct culture, language, customs, and identity distinct from Arab Muslims.

Key Term Bank​Anasazi Cultures​Andalusia​Arabian Camels​Bactrian Camels​The Battle of Hattin​Book of the Gods and Rites​The Delhi Sultanate​Esoteric Buddhism​Fulcher of Chartres​Guidance: Alms, Marriage, and Testimony​The Gupta Empire​Honen Buddhism​Joseph de Acosta​Khanates​Llamas​Magyars​Mahmud of Ghazni​Mongols​Peasants​The Pyramid of the Sun​Scholasticism​Serfs​Shinran Buddhism​The Tale of Genji​The Tale of Heike​The Tea Trade​Turks​Vikings​Xiongnu​Yi Song-gye

The Black Death was a destabilizing event in Europe and significantly altered the social behavior of the people it affected. The Florentine Humanist Giovanni Boccaccio the crisis in his Effects of the Black Death in Florence (ca. 1352). His account of the plague described a sense of normlessness or lack of social mores among the populace and a complete collapse of social structures – an effect that later historians and social scientists would term [BLANK-1]. Boccaccio described husbands abandoning wives, parents abandoning their children, strangers wandering into random houses, people fleeing into the hillsides, merrymaking and bacchanalia in some corners of the city and cloistered shut-ins in other corners. Women laughing at funerals and losing all modesty in regard to exposing their bodies were among the social mores broken during the time of the plague.

During the Italian Renaissance, the subjects of artwork differed dramatically from those that had been commissioned by the Catholic Church during the Medieval Period. The Catholic Church had focused exclusively on religious subjects, usually of a repetitive theme such as the Crucifixion or Mother Mary holding the Baby Jesus (Madonna and Child). During the Renaissance, however, private patrons outside church control commissioned artists to paint, sculpt, or draw other topics. Portraits of wives, mistresses, or family members, as well as still life subjects such as fruit, larders, flowers, or depictions of the banal became known as [BLANK-1]. The Catholic Church found these artistic depictions obscene and objectionable because they did not relate to historical or religious subjects.

[BLANK-1] was one of the most celebrated artists and thinkers of the Italian Renaissance. He was known as a Renaissance Man because he excelled in multiple artistic forms: painting, drawing, and engineering. He worked in Florence (the center of Renaissance genius) and effectively established a unique style in his artwork. He proposed a number of engineering models (including a flying machine similar to the helicopter – an invention that wouldn’t exist for another 600 years) and expressed a fascination with anatomy and anatomical perspective (his sketches of human organs suggest that either he or an assistant resorted to grave robbing in order to effectively understand the human body and his sketch, “Vitruvian Man” is celebrated for creating “perfect proportions” for the human body in artwork). He is known for his celebrated paintings, “The Mona Lisa,” “The Last Supper,” “Madonna of the Rocks,” and “Lady with an Ermine.”